Competency statement Essay

In 1996 I graduated from Michigan City High School in Michigan City, IN. After graduation I was not able to go right off to college since I was a teen mother. So, instead I immediately began working for a clothing store named Ms. D’s Merchandise. There I was responsible for determining marketing strategies, informing customers about new and incoming merchandise, formulating prices, and maintaining store staff. Working for a small business I was able to acquire customer service skills, tactfully deal with customers, numeracy, initiative, ability to work under pressure, and cultural awareness. Those skills prepared me for the many of the experiences that I would encounter at other jobs. After working there for about 8 months I decided to try something new. I began working at the Life Care Center, a nursing home. There I was a full-time dietary aide, assistant cook, and head cook. I was an employee there for two years. My responsibilities were preparing food items and assembling ready foods for patient trays, setting tables for the elderly, maintaining the kitchen area, ensuring proper preparation/portioning/determining quality of food, and supervising dietary aides. As you know working in this type of atmosphere conflicts may arise. May it be mistakes made by kitchen staff, staff unsatisfied with hours available or simply employees being angry about staying over when others arrive late for their shift. These all require some level of assertive conflict resolution skills. Responding to the needs of your staff in a timely manner, actively listening, remaining calm and fair at all times worked well in this type of atmosphere. Next, in August of 1998 I began working for the state as a correctional officer at the Indiana State Prison. Since I worked in a customer service setting, I learned from prior experience how to resolve conflicts in the workplace in many ways. This experience formed the foundation for many endeavors in the future. There, I was responsible for the safety and security of offenders, instruct inmates and maintain records of offender movement, check inmate for possible contraband, make periodic patrols of quarters and work areas, in itiate count, and be familiar with daily operation of each assignment. Working in a controlled setting staff must work together to reduce conflict among offenders as well as each other. Personal interpretation plays a huge role in conflict within this facility. Each year the staff received 16 hours of  in-service training covering topics like self defense, self control, and how to maintain situations and gain control. Bringing everyone together was the goal since there were many factors separating the culture; like rank, gender, profession, and ethnic groups. Also, documenting daily movement and activities reduced conflict as well. Mainly because documenting helps to avoid any legal action or disputes of judgement. On one occasion I was given an assigned to work in a tower with no heat for several weeks. The control officer had a history of partially do his job. I turned in several work orders to address the heat issue and I also wrote him up for failure to inspect the towers before assigning them. Since he and I could not resolve the issue I utilized the chain of command and went to his supervisor. The supervisor immediately resolved the heat and scheduling issue. In 2001 I became interested in being a hair stylist. I knew living in Mich igan City would not allow me to gain financial stability since it was such a small place. So I moved to Indianapolis. After researching the cosmetology schools in Indianapolis I decided to attend Kayes’ School of Cosmetology. There I received a diploma for cosmetology, esthetics, and manicuring in 2004. After graduation I was hired by The Elizabeth Arden Salon, they hired me as a manicurist/hair. What is conflict? Webster’s Dictionary (Merriam-Webster, 1983) defines conflict as sharp disagreement or opposition of interest or ideas. In other words, what I want does not match what you want, or could it be that you are so much alike that you can’t agree on anything? According to David Hardcastle, Professor of Social Service Administration at the University of Maryland in Baltimore (Hardcastle, 2004), co-workers who get on one another nerves, don’t clash with everyone at the office, just the ones they’re most like. To discover why conflict occurs, Dr. Hardcastle conducted a survey of characteristics of co-workers that often have disputes with others in the workplace. In conclusion, he found that employees that don’t get along are usually more alike than different and that all conflicts at some level,since people perceive that these are incompatible goals held by at least 2 people who are interfering with what the other person wants. According to (Bell & Daly, 1984), before a conflict is carried too far, people often assure each other that they want the same thing or that they are headed in the same direction. This may be because both parties are trying to find common ground. However, in true  conflict people not only want different things but believe that another is interfering with their goal attainment. Here are some core issues that arise in many conflicts:  · Self-esteem underlies all conflicts In every conflict, someone’s sense of self is at stake.  · People engage in conflict when they feel demeaned, when they try to regain a sense of being a good person and when they’re hurting from a previous struggle. Many people are not interested in winning or losing; they just need to feel better about themselves.  · The most significant conflict is when someone feels as though their being taken advantage of. This can occur when dedication and commitment cause an individual to work later hours, but then they are not compensated for it.  · Lastly, conflict can occur when the employee has unrealistic expectations of what their position entails, or of being misunderstood in the workplace. Dr. Tony Fiore mentioned in an article (Fiore, T, 1999, Business know how, several steps a manager can take to reduce workplace conflict. You will find them listed below: 1) Managers should focus on communication skills, both in terms of how they communicate and how they are teaching their employees to communicate with each other. This would include using I statements instead of you language. 2) Managers need to increase their listening skills. Active listening involves things like trying to understand what the individual is saying, repeat it for clarity and then let communicating to them that you did indeed understand what they said. 3) Establish healthy boundaries, without boundaries, there will be conflict and squabbles, power struggles and all kinds of circumstances. Try being more empathetic and compassionate toward your employees or co-workers, without crossing the lines of being their friend. 4) Emotional intelligence, develop skills to be more effective, by teaching people to combine both intelligence and emotions in the workplace. 5) Lastly, set up behavioral consequences to be used with truly uncooperative employees who are unwilling to change. This means explaining expectations to the employee and the outcome if the problematic behavior continues. Rosemary McCaslin a professor of Social Work at California State  University San Bernardino believes in involving the office veterans to assist with the mediation process. Being the seasoned employee, they are usually looked at as the mentors and are able to explain the workplace expectations to all parties involved. By utilizing this process, you are able to resolve conflicts before they escalate. Speak to all parties involved in the conflict. This can often supply the insight you need in regards to the dispute. You also ask others that are familiar with their characters and habits to help give you visualize the full picture. Finding out what each party wants and what their goals are can also give you the full picture of what caused the dispute and how this conf lict can be resolved. Helping them to understand one another can alleviate some of the tension. A careful analysis of other people’s interest and values, as well as your own, will require empathetic listening and respectful speaking. Together, when people use dialogue to talk with each other, they will discover new ideas, new possibilities and new potential solutions to create a better working environment.

Hydraulic Fracturing

Is hydrologic fracturing a suitable form of energy production? Over the past 85 years, the American Petroleum Institute, API, has been developing and refining engineering standards and practices for the industry. The past decade has brought about a new practice which involves hydraulic fracturing in order to produce oil and natural gas in places where conventional technologies are ineffective. This is a rather in depth process. Firstly, a production drill is drilled through the rock layers to intersect the coal seem that contains coal bed methane, CBM. Next, fractures are created or existing fractures are enlarged in the coal seem so that the CBM can be drawn from the well and pumped to the surface. These fractures are created or enlarged by using a thick water-based fluid which is gradually increased by rate and pressure. Then, over time the coal seam is unable to keep up with the fracturing fluid which results in high pressure causing the coal to fracture along the weaknesses within. Sand is pumped into these fractures to keep them ‘propped’ open after the pressures are released. The first diagram in the appendix shows what occurs in the subsurface during a typical hydraulic fracturing event. After a period of fluid recovery or groundwater extraction is when the extraction of CBM occurs. As pumping continues, the pressure eventually decreases so that the methane desorbs from the coal, flows and is extracted through the production well. The fracture created acts as a conduit in the rock or coal formation, allowing the CBM to flow more freely from the coal seems through the fracture system and to the production where gas is pumped to the surface. Unlike conventional gas production, the amount of water extracted declines proportionally with increasing CBM production (US EPA, 2004). The demand of natural gas is expected to increase drastically over the next 20 years, causing the need for innovative production to fill the growing demand. Many may believe that there are other ways to fulfill the need of natural gas, due to production concerns, but this is a suitable form of energy production. Hydraulic fracturing should be used because it will provide a significant increase in jobs, economic growth, and clean burning energy. The Keystone XL pipeline has had much controversy in the news recently. This pipeline is an extension onto the existing pipeline running from Canada to the United States. The pipeline would increase crude oil capacity between the two countries allowing for a more diverse supply among the United States’ worldwide crude oil sources, shorten the transportation pathway for crude oil supplies, and increase the crude oil supplies from a major non-organization of petroleum exporting countries producer. â€Å"The use of hydraulic fracturing will help make our country more energy self-reliant and more secure† (Green, 2012). This statement was made by the API President and CEO, Jack Gerard during the second State of American Energy event January 4. He also proceeded to state that the United State’s resources on and offshore are among the largest in the world. This means that with the right policies in place, there could be 100 percent of our liquid fuel needs supplied domestically and from Canada by 2026. Also, with a pro-energy development approach 1 million new US jobs by 2018 could be produced along with billions of dollars in additional revenue to government (Green, 2012). The increase in jobs from this production is approximately 334,000 in the past two years after the 3 million manufacturing jobs lost from 2001-2007. Hydraulic fracturing has rapidly increased the domestic production of natural gas and has seen low domestic prices for households. Figure five below shows the increase in production rates over the last several years (Green, 2012). The oppositions to this vision are primarily political on an ecological level. In order for the process to run smoothly water use is needed. Many think that the water used for hydraulic fracturing could deplete fresh water supplies and impact aquatic habitat. Some also say that the groundwater could be contaminated. Some hydraulic fracturing fluids can also contain chemicals. Typically a mixture of water, proppants and chemicals are what is pumped into the rock or coal to fracture the wells. Eco-friendly leaders and environmentalists are taking a stand to state that these chemicals, use of water and damage to groundwater are not acceptable and this energy method should not be used. Firstly, chemicals typically make up just 0. and 2% of the total volume of the fracturing fluid with the majority being water. Secondly, natural gas emits fewer greenhouse gases than other fossil fuels, about half as much of carbon dioxide as coal which contributes to less global warming. Thirdly, with the halting of fracturing in some states due to pressures from environmental and public health groups asking the EPA for tests and proof that it is safe to continue with this type of energy production, supporters are concerned that it could hinder U. S. job growth and energy output in a time of need (McLendon, 2010). The tests from the EPA will take roughly two years, so until then it is a waiting process. As you can see, this is a roughly new energy production that does need to be researched more. From my point of view the pros seem to outweigh the cons. I think more tests and actual data about contamination and whether it is really safe will be the true test. The increase in jobs, economic growth, and clean burning energy is most definitely what this country needs right now. The true outlook on this issue will come towards the later part of this year when the test results conclude. References Green, M. (2012, January 05). Starting the energy debate. Retrieved from http://energytomorrow. org/blog/starting-the-energy-debate/ McLendon, R. (2010, December 10). Big frack attack: Is hydraulic fracturing safe?. Retrieved from http://www. mnn. com/earth-matters/translating-uncle-sam/stories/big-frack-attack-is-hydraulic-fracturing-safe US EPA. (2004, June). Evaluation of impacts to underground sources of drinking water by hydraulic fracturing of coalbed methane reservoirs. Retrieved from http://www. epa. gov/safewater/uic/pdfs/cbmstudy_attach_uic_exec_summ. pdf Appendix Hydraulic Fracturing Is hydrologic fracturing a suitable form of energy production? Over the past 85 years, the American Petroleum Institute, API, has been developing and refining engineering standards and practices for the industry. The past decade has brought about a new practice which involves hydraulic fracturing in order to produce oil and natural gas in places where conventional technologies are ineffective. This is a rather in depth process. Firstly, a production drill is drilled through the rock layers to intersect the coal seem that contains coal bed methane, CBM. Next, fractures are created or existing fractures are enlarged in the coal seem so that the CBM can be drawn from the well and pumped to the surface. These fractures are created or enlarged by using a thick water-based fluid which is gradually increased by rate and pressure. Then, over time the coal seam is unable to keep up with the fracturing fluid which results in high pressure causing the coal to fracture along the weaknesses within. Sand is pumped into these fractures to keep them ‘propped’ open after the pressures are released. The first diagram in the appendix shows what occurs in the subsurface during a typical hydraulic fracturing event. After a period of fluid recovery or groundwater extraction is when the extraction of CBM occurs. As pumping continues, the pressure eventually decreases so that the methane desorbs from the coal, flows and is extracted through the production well. The fracture created acts as a conduit in the rock or coal formation, allowing the CBM to flow more freely from the coal seems through the fracture system and to the production where gas is pumped to the surface. Unlike conventional gas production, the amount of water extracted declines proportionally with increasing CBM production (US EPA, 2004). The demand of natural gas is expected to increase drastically over the next 20 years, causing the need for innovative production to fill the growing demand. Many may believe that there are other ways to fulfill the need of natural gas, due to production concerns, but this is a suitable form of energy production. Hydraulic fracturing should be used because it will provide a significant increase in jobs, economic growth, and clean burning energy. The Keystone XL pipeline has had much controversy in the news recently. This pipeline is an extension onto the existing pipeline running from Canada to the United States. The pipeline would increase crude oil capacity between the two countries allowing for a more diverse supply among the United States’ worldwide crude oil sources, shorten the transportation pathway for crude oil supplies, and increase the crude oil supplies from a major non-organization of petroleum exporting countries producer. â€Å"The use of hydraulic fracturing will help make our country more energy self-reliant and more secure† (Green, 2012). This statement was made by the API President and CEO, Jack Gerard during the second State of American Energy event January 4. He also proceeded to state that the United State’s resources on and offshore are among the largest in the world. This means that with the right policies in place, there could be 100 percent of our liquid fuel needs supplied domestically and from Canada by 2026. Also, with a pro-energy development approach 1 million new US jobs by 2018 could be produced along with billions of dollars in additional revenue to government (Green, 2012). The increase in jobs from this production is approximately 334,000 in the past two years after the 3 million manufacturing jobs lost from 2001-2007. Hydraulic fracturing has rapidly increased the domestic production of natural gas and has seen low domestic prices for households. Figure five below shows the increase in production rates over the last several years (Green, 2012). The oppositions to this vision are primarily political on an ecological level. In order for the process to run smoothly water use is needed. Many think that the water used for hydraulic fracturing could deplete fresh water supplies and impact aquatic habitat. Some also say that the groundwater could be contaminated. Some hydraulic fracturing fluids can also contain chemicals. Typically a mixture of water, proppants and chemicals are what is pumped into the rock or coal to fracture the wells. Eco-friendly leaders and environmentalists are taking a stand to state that these chemicals, use of water and damage to groundwater are not acceptable and this energy method should not be used. Firstly, chemicals typically make up just 0. and 2% of the total volume of the fracturing fluid with the majority being water. Secondly, natural gas emits fewer greenhouse gases than other fossil fuels, about half as much of carbon dioxide as coal which contributes to less global warming. Thirdly, with the halting of fracturing in some states due to pressures from environmental and public health groups asking the EPA for tests and proof that it is safe to continue with this type of energy production, supporters are concerned that it could hinder U. S. job growth and energy output in a time of need (McLendon, 2010). The tests from the EPA will take roughly two years, so until then it is a waiting process. As you can see, this is a roughly new energy production that does need to be researched more. From my point of view the pros seem to outweigh the cons. I think more tests and actual data about contamination and whether it is really safe will be the true test. The increase in jobs, economic growth, and clean burning energy is most definitely what this country needs right now. The true outlook on this issue will come towards the later part of this year when the test results conclude. References Green, M. (2012, January 05). Starting the energy debate. Retrieved from http://energytomorrow. org/blog/starting-the-energy-debate/ McLendon, R. (2010, December 10). Big frack attack: Is hydraulic fracturing safe?. Retrieved from http://www. mnn. com/earth-matters/translating-uncle-sam/stories/big-frack-attack-is-hydraulic-fracturing-safe US EPA. (2004, June). Evaluation of impacts to underground sources of drinking water by hydraulic fracturing of coalbed methane reservoirs. Retrieved from http://www. epa. gov/safewater/uic/pdfs/cbmstudy_attach_uic_exec_summ. pdf Appendix

American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

American history - Essay Example On the other hand, withdrawing the army from was essentially an act of moral defeat for the United States in the war against the soviet communist totalitarianism. Such withdrawal could have allured the procommunist blocs around the world. As a result, the most difficult task for Nixon Presidency was to find out a decent exit route from the war. Overview of the American Dilemma in the War In fact, President Johnson’s failure to find out a decent exit from the Battle of Vietnam played a crucial role in the presidential election in 1969. As a result, Nixon was elected. But several issues that were crucial to the interest of America at home and abroad and also of Nixon himself were, in some way or other, entwined with his success to end the war. In the first place Nixon was confronted with the massive casualties that occurred on either sides of the war. Furthermore, he has to confront with the mass protest at home and abroad against the moral decay of the US Army in the events lik e â€Å"My Lai Massacre†, â€Å"Green Beret Affair† and the operation â€Å"Speedy Express†, etc. ... Such public insolence could have turned against the ruling party in the next election, if he had have failed to find out a decent exit from Vietnam. In national politics, Nixon’s dilemma was -as it is said in an article, â€Å"Richard M. Nixon - The Vietnam war†: â€Å"If [Nixon’s] plan involved escalation, Democrats could charge that he was abandoning attempts to reach a peaceful solution and could point to mounting American casualties and prisoners of war. If he negotiated a solution that led to the fall of the government in Saigon, Democrats could charge that he had abandoned an ally†.3 Indeed, this dilemma of Nixon played crucial role in shaping his policy for the Americans’ role in the Vietnam War. Now, even though Nixon successfully retained his position in the Oval Office in 1973, he failed to find out a safe and decent exit from Vietnam. There is no doubt that by perpetuating the US presence in Vietnam, he had been able to retain the big-bro ther image for his country in international power politics. But obviously, he had paid a high price for it.4 Sacrificing the United States’ image as the savior, Nixon’s offensive stance as well as his â€Å"Madman† earned him a bad reputation. Scholars often claim that his defensive stance would have helped more the causes of South Vietnam to survive as a democratic state than the â€Å"Madman Doctrine† could do. What Started the War? The Vietnam War started, in 1955, as a conflict between the communists-backed North Vietnam and the US-ally-backed South Vietnam. But in the 1960s, the United States began to involve in the war increasingly. As a result, the war, which was initially a colonial struggle between the French and the pro-communist northern

Entrepreneurship 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Entrepreneurship 2 - Essay Example Although actually I believe in my efforts and try to take advantage of opportunities, I can admit that sometimes I tend to think that there is my destiny programme in the universe that rules my life. But now I know that my relatively low level of the Locus of Control can be a barrier to my entrepreneurial aspiring, so I should learn to exert more control over my life and to increase my personal responsibility in achieving success in the context of solving my problems. I should also pay more attention to development of my creativity, improving imagination and an ability to see different perspectives of ordinary things. I consider my company attracts and keeps entrepreneurial talents thanks to two main principles of its business – to give the opportunity for personal growth to each employee and to enhance personal capabilities through building and development of the team. Each person in our company feels that the company’s success depends upon successes of each of us and vice versa. Amabile (1998) asserts that creativity takes place when expertise, creative-thinking skills, and motivation join together. In my company all three necessary components are established. In spite of that my business (a coffee shop) comprises much of routine, a creative atmosphere is provided thanks to challenges that are regularly given to staff, e.g. a contest in finding a best solution to attract of our ex-customers or to make suggestions for a seasonal menu. New ideas from the personnel are encouraged by our managers, especially if the ideas help to improve customer services. I think our good open-minded creative climate is also provided by the team that consists of people with diverse expertises and backgrounds – it helps us to gain different views and to synthesize them in new, sometimes unusual ideas. 2. I understand causes of the problem. The famous Kiplings â€Å"six

F.B.I. Says Records Demands Are Curbed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

F.B.I. Says Records Demands Are Curbed - Essay Example Among its many extraordinary provisions, the law canceled habeas corpus rights for non-citizens (which amounted to twenty million people in the United States). According to the New York Times article, "The Federal Bureau of Investigation improperly obtained personal information on Americans in numerous terrorism investigations in 2006, but internal practices put in place since then appear to have helped curtail the problems, Bush administration officials said Wednesday. The US government was unable to identify and to directly attack the enemies. Because of the strengthened paranoia of terrorist attacks, every person is considered a potential suspect. With the goal of ending international terrorism, civilians are also affected. The ethical issue that may be considered relevant to the topic is terrorism and double standards My concern is that if we don't have a good answer we may not have a justification to accept, or even promote, one country's "war on terrorism" while rejecting another's. And nobody likes double-standards when it comes to the justification of international policies.. There was no assurance that there should be no detention-without-trial, no suppression of free speech and there should be increased checks or evaluations on police power. There should be no double-standards and all countries will receive equal treatment. This means Pakistan and Ira... Military troops should be sent to both countries in search for these alleged terrorists. There should be no hesitation with investigating Pakistan regardless of Pakistan's exportation of nuclear technology in North Korea. There should also be no indecision with challenging the sovereignty of Pakistan as well as with Iraq. It isn't surprising, then, that one wonders whether "terrorism" names a definite and identifiable kind of act, or if it is a politically charged term used selectively to capture an arbitrary set of events. In the Fatosphere, Big Is In, or at Least Accepted By RONI CARYN RABIN Published: January 22, 2008 Recent studies show that the consumers have also considered skipping fast-food eating for this can be a reason for gaining more calories due to the fat content as well as less availability of healthier food options. Almost every magazine or book that talks about losing weight or maintaining healthy lifestyle advice readers to eat at home instead of eating at fast-food restaurants for this can give them the opportunity to prepare nutritious and healthy meals for the family as well as save money. There have been some notions that fast-food meal tends to have more fat than home-cooked meal and that you can gain more calories just by eating out. Dining at fast-foods can be healthy as long as we prepare ahead as to what food we want to order and consider its nutritional value as well. In the book entitled Competitive Advantage by Jaynie Smith, she stated that there is an increasing need for Americans to eat healthy food. Since fast-foods are their usual first option for getting access to ready food, the fast foods have to think of new ways and strategies to offer healthy

2 short cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2 short cases - Essay Example Originally, he agreed to lend me the amount without interest as long as I pay it back on time. I had used the borrowed money to buy some school books and also some decent clothes. I had planned to pay it back on time using my earnings from my part-time job waiting on restaurant tables in my spare time on weekends when I am not so busy. My dilemma is that I now already have the $100 in my pocket, ready to pay him back. A totally unexpected problem came up just the other day, with my mom informing me my grandma had suffered another of her usual asthma attacks and needed some medication immediately. This out-of-the-blue development caught me by surprise since grandma had been well long enough in this regard, meaning she had not suffered asthma for several years already and I had thought she had finally gotten over this ailment. My mom called up me to buy my grandma her medicine at a nearest drugstore within our locality. The problem was that just a few minutes earlier, I called up my friend and informed him I was going to his place to hand him back his money as repayment and as a fulfillment of my promise a month earlier to pay it back on time. Our neighborhood is a bit run down and is on the poorer side of our community. As such, it has been a haven for petty criminals although I have some friends among them. These friends are usually just juvenile delinquents who have plenty of time on their hands and nothing better to do with their spare time and extra energies. The key to survival in this part of town is to just keep your head down and mind you own business so nobody will interfere with you also. On one of my shopping expeditions in one of our neighborhood grocery outlets, I meet 2 former school mates from high school. They both said they have no jobs and had fallen on hard times brought by the economic downturn. They were looking for a job and both

Journal Entry Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal Entry - Article Example Our parents did not teach us to breathe or to swallow. We learned to walk on our own and we picked up speech without the aid of a teacher. There was some coaching involved along the way. We were encouraged to form certain words and rewarded for making the correct sounds. We were likewise penalized and punished for incorrect grammar and pronunciation. Perhaps there was an intuitive process that neither our parents nor we were consciously aware of. We imitated what we heard our parents say as best we could by parroting and repeating simple sounds and phrases. Some experts see the environment and the exposure to language as a critical element in learning a to speak. Other experts see language as a unique skill, its proficiency ruled by an inborn program that will rise out of us with no prodding by parents or the environment However, some exposure to language is necessary and learning a language depends on that exposure. The language a child acquires is that of his/her environment or surroundings. The fact that has already been tested and proven is that children who are deprived of language or a language environment simply do not begin to speak spontaneously. This was the instance in the well-known case of Genie. If we study the way a child interacts with their environment and the way adults provide feedback to a young child, we will see that there is a myriad of ways that they are provided to acquire language. The child will usually focus on the language of the mother due to the maternal bond. The parents provide a framework for learning many other routine tasks such as using eating utensils and bathing. It is the secure atmosphere of parental trust and interaction that language first begins to be uttered. The first sounds are usually the intuitive "ma" that is universal among children of all nationalities. As the sounds of the mother and father become more formalized, the emotion motivates the child to copy and to learn. Eventually, the child

Business Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Ethics - Research Paper Example Ethics can be written or unwritten depending with the extent of the interaction between parties. Some of the written ethics that a person must follow are contracts and warning signs such as this is a non smoking zone. Failure to follow such regulations may have negative effects to the other parties (Howie, 1987, p.17). Business ethics are moral principles that guide business people to earn their profits without having to infringe losses or doing harm to the other party. Some of the major principles include principle of common good, principle of beneficence, principle of respect of autonomy etc. These principles guide the interaction between two parties by putting boundaries and outlining the expected behavior by those individuals when transacting their activities. If not followed, the other parties might suffer. One of example where ethics are not followed in doing business is tarnishing the name and products of the competitor in order to increase the size of the target customers. Bu siness is therefore expected to compete in a neutral ground without doing any harm to each other (Howie, 1987). Importance of business ethics One of the major importances of business ethics is ensuring that there is a good coexistence between business personnel or corporations. The main aim of any business is to make profits. As a result, some business goes to an extra mile of using unethical means to ensure that they eliminate the competitors in order to increase their profit margin. One of the examples of unethical behavior is a business person purchasing all the products of the competitor in the market in order to reduce customer loyalty towards the products of the competitor. When ethical principles are keenly followed, businesses are able to exist peacefully without any of them doing harm to the other (Brooks, Dunn, 2009, pp. 66). Business ethics improves customer loyalty towards the products or services. Currently, customers are very keen on what they are consuming and the sou rce of the product. As a result, they keep on monitoring the ethical standards of their preferred company or businesses. If the business acts unethically be it through its transaction or even employees being unethical this may have an adverse repercussion. This tarnishes the image of the company/business, an aspect that reduces trust of the customers towards the product. This behavior may result to reduced revenue of which can lead to collapsing of the business. This case can also give the competitors a competitive advantage as they can use unethical behavior by the business to lure customers to purchase their products (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2009, p. 79). Business ethics improves customer relation. Moral conduct of a business plays a greater role in attracting customers to the business (Kline, 2010, p. 39). Customers like to be associated with a business that has a clean reputation. Poor moral values by the business distance the customers from the business. Therefore, employe es hold a very important part in enhancing customer relations. Business ethics increases brand equity. Brand equity is the public valuation of business’ brand name. The brand name attracts investors towards the business. This increase capital that the business holds therefore enabling the business to compete effectively in the market. This capital is also used in diversification of the company operations therefore enabli

Madonna and Child with Saint Barbara and Saint Catherine Essay

Madonna and Child with Saint Barbara and Saint Catherine - Essay Example We should therefore be highly inspired by such saints who influence artists and stimulate them to produce works of such high caliber. The legendary saints also influence the poetic and aesthetic abilities of human beings. There are a lot of sinful creatures in this world, many Christians believe that if the holy virgins, as presented in these works would appeal to the lord at his throne then everything will be fine. This is because they believe that these works of art are not just manmade pieces of art, they are in fact a peak into the heavenly figures. That’s why a lot of Christians find pleasure in producing and observing religious art. Many people did not know Saint Catherine of Alexandria until the crusaders used her name. They believed that she had helped in the Eastern Church and hence her name started being venerated. She was considered to be an epitome of wisdom and knowledge. To add to all of it, she had been of royal blood. Obviously, all these claims about her have been questioned but nevertheless her place in Art remains unquestioned and unopposed. A lot of scholarly Christians place her next to Mary Magdalene. Different ornaments that she wears symbolize different things. For example, the book indicates her learning, the crown represents her superiority, and sword represents her martyrdom. This picture has been praised globally. In this picture, Catherine is shown with a virgin and a child. She has an elegant and a dignified persona and she is wearing a princess dress. This picture is a very beautiful Madonna picture. In it, Saint Catherine is said to be representing a beautiful daughter of an artist. She is sitting at the ground, while the virgin is seated on a chair with a baby in her arms. Virgin and the child are sitting in a fenced-off area of a courtyard being surrounded by four very beautiful saints. Also, this picture symbolizes that Saint is being depicted as a beautiful woman rather than as a knowledgeable or scholarly one. She is in Uffizi. Because of her learned nature she is very often also shown accompanying Saint Jerome and other doctors of the church. Her other frequent companions include Saint Barbara and Mary Magdalene. The presence of St. Barbara in the picture is also a very symbolic one. While young, she was secluded and so she gave in to prayer and meditation. She is shown close to the virgin. Her personality is a reminder of God’s presence. This beautiful picture by Raphael is also kept in the National Galley and has gained acclaim. It shows saints to her knees, her right arm is folded around her breast while she has kept the left one on the wheel. She is looking at one spot in the sky with an expression of joy and relief on her face. The background also shows a delightful landscape. According to Passavant: "It is one of those works which nothing can describe; neither words, nor a painted copy, nor engravings, for the fire in it appears living, and is entirely beyond imitation" (Saints in Art Chapter VI The Virgin Patronesses and the Great Virgins of the Latin Church n.d.) In my opinion, these portraits cannot be classified as sins because they represent a close bond between the Christ and the saints. These pictures reflect love, devotion and care. These pictures should be treated with dignity. These pictures are also a source of information for us. By looking at them we get to know the true value of our ancestors and the much revered saints we hear of. These

The Vietnam Wars Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Vietnam Wars - Research Paper Example The president used the constitutional powers in the office to order the deployment of US ground troops to the region in the end of the first quarter of 1965. The action, notwithstanding, President Johnson's objective for his country’s participation in Vietnam was not driven by the quest to win the battle, but for the military to stabilize South Vietnam's forces and government control of security situation in the region. Butterfield suggests that the ability of the Viet Cong "to build up their effort was consistently underrated" by the United States2. In light of this, President Johnson ordered what would turn out to be unpopular among Americans, when the country found itself mired in a deadlock with the warring factions of Vietnam. Although, the country participated in aerial bombings of the enemy North, President Johnson was of the opinion that the bombardment be restricted to defending South Vietnam. By restricting the battlefields, the American troops would not carry out a significant ground invasion of the North to eliminate the communist icons and structures nor would they seriously destabilize the Ho Chi Minh Trail or the major infrastructure used by his government. Impact of the 1965 American intervention in Vietnam The eight years of America's participation in Vietnam witnessed its military campaign fluctuate from enormous escalation of firepower to slow withdrawal. The American approach to the war, also evolved in its implementation, from a general â€Å"Search and Destroy† mission, which was intended to wear the enemy, to complete "Clear and Hold" strategies. The end result was based on pacification initiatives. Whereas, critics continue to argue that America’s poor performance in Vietnam was bound to happen, owing to the then prevailing political, social, and military issues, others are of the opinion that America’s involvement should not be regarded as such: that the â€Å"winning strategy† of the US military was t o decisively prolong the conflict in order to wear down the North Vietnamese military3. Nevertheless, the North Vietnamese strategy of implementing a complex program of insurgency and long-drawn guerilla war proved an elusive goal for the superior American military, hence its eventual defeat and de-escalation4. America’s attrition strategy The 1965 US intervention in Vietnam greatly impacted the conduct of the war. Unlike previously, when the country played a limited role of offering military advice to the South Vietnamese military, American forces took part in combat, complete with ground troops. From 1965 to 1968, the main strategy of the United States was taking control of the combat in South Vietnam from the local South Vietnamese Armed Forces (SVAF). The American ground forces based their successes on the "Search and Destroy" missions, while the Air Force carried out air raids under the Rolling Thunder bombing crusade. Although, General Westmoreland was confident these s trategies would wear down the Viet Cong forces and guerillas, political challenges driven by fear of attracting more states to the battlefield, such as China and or Soviet Union prompted the Johnson government to limit their combat to a strategic protection of South Vietnam. And whereas, Soviet played the role of a â€Å"diplomatic channel between Washington and Hanoi. . . Moscow always seemed unwilling to pile pressure on North Vietnam to give up its

Horror in Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Horror in Frankenstein Essay There are many forms of tension and horror in this novel. There is a monster, theres grave robbing, the whole story is against religion and it is warning the reader that trying to play God can only have bad consequences. The novel is controversial in its content and it focuses on peoples prejudice and discrimination together with how people judge others too readily. Another thing that could have been scary for the readers at the time is the idea of electricity bringing life. Since electricity was a reasonably new thing, the concept of this new, weird technology described in the book could have been seen as horrific. Also, the atmosphere was a big part of the horror and tension, pathetic fallacy was used when Dr Frankenstein was creating his monster It was already one in the morning; the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out, It was strange, at the time of the novel being published, for a woman to write a book quite as horrific as Frankenstein. There were many things which could have influenced Mary Shelley in writing a book of this sort, myths, religion, other novels. She could have been influenced by the legends of the poles when creating Robert Waltons character. She was most likely to have been influenced by scientific research and advances at the time such as discovering electricity. She could have been trying to get people to understand that this type or research and messing around with life and death were wrong. Lastly I think she also had literary influences and I believe that Mary Shelley wanted the novel to be romantic in a way. Mary Shelley creates a lot of tension in the novel, this all starts in letter four from Robert Walton to his sister. She does this very effectively the whole way through the letter, the first line shows this, So strange an accident has happened to us that I cannot forbear recording it it then takes Walton quite a while to get to the point of explaining the accident, this creates a lot of tension. The whole story about Victor Frankenstein and the events in the letter four are told slowly and gradually adding to the sense of tension, mystery and intrigue for the reader. This effect is carried on throughout the whole novel which is, I think, one of the main reasons for the novel being so well known and enjoyed. There are quite a few causes of tension in letter four, another example is when Waltons ship was surrounded by ice, which closed it in scarcely leaving her the sea-room in which she floated. This creates tension by giving the impression of them being trapped in a dangerous environment. After this, the spotting of the creature creates tension, we perceived a low carriage a being which had the shape of a man, but apparently of gigantic stature, sat in the sledge. The fact that this is a creature unlike a normal person adds to the tension. Also as the crew and Walton thought that they were alone, being away from civilization, trapped on a boat with a strange creature nearby creates fear as there would be no help at hand if needed. The next thing that created tension was having Dr Frankenstein on board; he was quite a strange person and did not appear normal. When he was found he asked Walton where he was going before he boarded. This, under the circumstances, is a weird question to ask. Walton wrote, You may conceive my astonishment on hearing such a question from a man on the brink of destruction.

Literature Review: Organizational Development

Literature Review: Organizational Development The topic under consideration is organizational development, knowledge creation and change management. The main focus of this research is to see how the process of change management is affected by organizational development and knowledge creation. In order to get an overall view of that these broad areas are their relationship with each other, a literature review was conducted. Worren Ruddle Moore (1999) explored about how over the years people have moved from organizational development to a more holistic view which is change management. According to this article the tools used in change management and organizational development are the same but the rationale behind it is different. For example attitude surveys are used in both. In organizational development it was used to gauge job satisfaction and the climate of the organization but in change management it is part of a strategy driven and holistic change program. This article basically uses research of various other people to give us a complete picture of what change management is all about. According to them as now the scale of businesses is increasing and so is the need for having specialized firms to administer change. They talked about interventionist and integrative strategies. Interventionist strategies are used in organizational development where as integrative strategies are used in change manag ement. The variables taken from this article are change management and organizational development. These variables are very important for the research as it clearly defines what the word change management would mean when it would be used in the research. The definition also takes both the culture and structure aspect of change management into account. The authors concluded that in order to increase the standard and the overall performance of the organization the company as to use the integrative strategies because when the employees are a part of the whole process the resistance to change is minimized. Van de Ven Poole (1995) through their research gave a theoretical overview of how development and change management basically occurs. The article classifies four types development theories namely; life- cycle theory, teleological theory, dialectical theory and evolutionary theory. The authors were of the opinion that these basic theories can be used to explain how change occurs in the organization. To explain that they developed a framework with these four theories and classified companies based on the mode and unit of change at various levels of organizational development. The conclusion they drew from their research was that as the organization grew in size the motors of change also get more complex because comes into play at once. Ikujiro Nonaka(1994) gives a comprehensive view of how knowledge is created within the organizations. The main variable identified for knowledge creation is innovation. It is defined as follows Innovation is a process in which the organization creates and defines problems and then actively develops new knowledge to solve them The article also identifies three dimensions of knowledge creation. This includes epistemology, ontological and the spiral model of knowledge. The paper differentiates between codified, formal (explicit) and informal, personal information. He concluded that the organization played a very important role as far as knowledge is concerned. The organization can facilitate the creation of knowledge by encouraging socialization, internalization of codified information into tacit information etc. Choi Lee (2002) stated that knowledge creation is very important to insure a persistent positive financial growth. The authors basically classify the knowledge creation management strategies into either human or system oriented. They used empirical data to prove the link between the mode of knowledge creation and its management strategies. The authors concluded that proper grouping of the mode of knowledge being used and the strategies involved is essential to achieve the desired financial improvement. For example it the mode of knowledge creation is socialization it should be aligned with the human strategy in order for it to be effective. It also found out knowledge creation strategies different with different types of departments that are taken into account. This research also gives us guidelines for future research which includes a comparative analysis between the service and the manufacturing sector. This study basically shows how qualitative variables can be measured quantitat ively. I will be using the study as a guide when formulating the survey form etc. Bloodgood Salisbury (2001) talks about that organizations can implement change and gain and maintain a completive advantage but this cannot be achieved by knowledge creation alone. Knowledge transfer and knowledge protection is equally important. The authors have used the Resource-Based View (RBV) to explain how both types of information i.e. explicit and tacit can help in the change process and how they can be transferred to achieve long-term benefit. In the paper they identified knowledge creation as a process which is based on creativity and a shared knowledge between a group of people which can be used to make new products as well as management strategies. The authors went on to stress that it is not just creating knowledge. It would be of no use if other can get that information from your company easily or it can be altered. So the protection of the knowledge is equally important for a business to remain competitive. To ensure its safety security and legal measure should be use d. Rune Todnems (2005) paper basically talks about things which should be taken care off when conducting research in the field of change management. This article basically takes into account various researches conducted in this field and then draws consensus based on the data they have. The two main findings of this paper were as follows: Firstly, it is agreed that the pace of change has never been greater than in the current business environment (Balogun and Hope Hailey, 2004; Burnes, 2004; Carnall, 2003; Kotter, 1996; Luecke, 2003; Moran and Brightman, 2001; Okumus and Hemmington, 1998; Paton and McCalman, 2000; Senior, 2002). Secondly, there is a consensus that change, being triggered by internal or external factors, comes in all shapes, forms and sizes (Balogun and Hope Hailey, 2004; Burnes, 2004; Carnall, 2003; Kotter, 1996; Luecke, 2003), and, therefore, affects all organizations in all industries. Waddell Sohal (1998) stated that resistance is as a critically important factor that can influence the success of change management. They defined it as: Resistance, in an organizational setting, is an expression of reservation which normally arises as a response or reaction to change (Block 1989) The authors throughout the paper talked about resistance. They were of the opinion that resistance to change should not be seen as a hurdle is had its own advantages. They used a lot secondary data to put their point across. Though their research they were able to conclude that resistance from the management can actually lead to greater stability in the external environment. This conflict between the internal and the external environment which is brought about by change is actually healthy for the business as a whole. The authors also identified that resistance at time draws attention to certain aspects of change which might not be appropriate for the organization in the long run. The most important advantage concluded by them was that it results in an influx of energy within the organization which is healthy for the organization as it in turn results in higher levels of efficiency. Keller Aiken (2009) talks about some stereotypes which are prevalent about change management. They based their research on John Kotter research which was published in 1995. They basically identified some of the mistake which managers in all the organizations make then they are administrating change in the organization. The concluded that what motivate you as a person might not motivate most of the employees in the organization. So special attention should be given to the things that motivate the employees. Secondly they identified that the leaders/ managers who are bringing about the change should not believe that they are the change and just because the manager/ leader is influential you cannot guarantee effective change within the organization. They also went on to point out that good intentions of the managers are not enough to ensure that the change management will be effective. Employees all need some kind of monetary reward to ensure maximum compliance. Ash (2009) in his article basically talks about how change can be managed efficiently. He talks about the time lag between the decision is made and implemented and the results in the form of increased performance to be seen. According to him this is due to more resistance than expected by the top management from the side on the employees. He goes on to explain why organizations generally fail to minimize the negative consequences of transition. According to him most organizations do little to allay such fears and concerns which results in slow change process. People initially resist change is the uncertainty change creates. Theoretical Framework C:Documents and SettingsuserLocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Worduntitled.bmp Hypothesis H0= organization size will have an effect on change management? H1= organization size will not have an effect on change management? H0= internal stability would have a positive effect on change management? H1= internal stability would have no or a negative effect on change management? H0= business performance will have an effect on change management? H1= business performance will not have an effect on change management? H0= knowledge creation has a positive impact on change management? H1= knowledge creation has a negative impact on change management? H0= innovation results in knowledge creation? H1= innovation does not result in knowledge creation? H0= knowledge transfer has an effect on knowledge creation? H1= knowledge transfer does not have an effect on knowledge creation? Systolic Architecture: History and Applications Systolic Architecture: History and Applications SYSTOLIC ARCHITECTURE A network of PEs that rhythmically produce and pass data through the system is called systolic architecture. It is used as a co processor in combination with a host computer and the behavior is analogous to the flow of blood through heart; thus named SYSTOLIC.  · A systolic architecture has the following characteristics : A massive and non-centralised parallelism Local communications Synchronous evaluation  · Example of systolic network 1. Linear network 2. Bi-dimensional network 3. Hexagonal network HISTORY:- The systolic architecture paradigm, data-stream-driven by data counters, is the counterpart of thevon Neumann paradigm, instruction-stream-driven by a program counter. Because a systolic architecture usually sends and receives multiple data streams, and multiple data counters are needed to generate these data streams, it supportsdata parallelism.The namederives from analogy with the regular pumping of blood by the heart. H. T. KungandCharles E. Leierson published the first paper describing systolic arrays in 1978; however, the first machine known to have used a similar technique was theColossus Mark IIin 1944. NEED FOR SYSTOLIC ARCHITECHTURE:- We need a high-performance, special-purpose computer system to meet specific application. I/O and computation imbalance is a notable problem .The concept of Systolic architecture can map high-level computation into hardware structures .Systolic system is easy to implement because of its regularity and easy to recon .Systolic architecture can result in cost-effective , high- performance special-purpose systems for a wide range of problems. An efficient approach to design very large scale integration (VLSI) architectures and a scheme for the implementation of the discrete sine transform (DST), based on an appropriate decomposition method that uses circular correlations, is presented. The proposed design uses an efficient restructuring of the computation of the DST into two circular correlations, having similar structures and only one half of the length of the original transform; these can be concurrently computed and mapped on to the same systolic array. Significant improvement in the computational speed can be obtained at a reduced input-output (I/O) cost and low hardware complexity, retaining all the other benefits of the VLSI implementations of the discrete transforms, which use circular correlation or cyclic convolution structures. These features are demonstrated by comparing the proposed design with some of the previously reported schemes. A more computationally efficient and scalable systolic architecture is provided for computing the discrete Fourier transform. The systolic architecture also provides a method for reducing the array area by limiting the number of complex multi pliers. In one embodiment, the design improvement is achieved by taking advantage of a more efficient computation scheme based on symmetries in the Fourier transform coefficient matrix and the radix-4 butterfly. The resulting design provides an array comprised of a plurality of smaller base-4 matrices that can simply be added or removed to provide scalability of the design for applications involving different transform lengths to be calculated. In this embodiment, the systolic array size provides greater flexibility because it can be applied for use with any transform length which is an integer multiple of sixteen. A systolic network is often use with a host station responsible for the communication with the outside world.As a result of the loca l-communication scheme, a systolic network is easily extended without to add any burden to the I/O. CHARACHTERSTICS OF SYSTOLIC ARCHITECHTURE:- A massive and non-centralised parallelism Local communications Synchronous evaluation Data coming from the memory are used several time before to come back to it. These architectures are well suited for a VLSI or FPGA network implementation.  · Other characteristics : A systolic network is often use with a host station responsible for the communication with the outside world. As a result of the local-communication scheme, a systolic network is easily extended without to add any burden to the I/O. PRINCIPLE OF SYSTOLIC ARCHITECHTURE:- Systolic system consists of a set interconnected cells, each capable of performing some simple operation. Systolic approach can speed up a compute-bound computation in a relatively simple and inexpensive manner. Through systolic array we achieve higher computation throughput without increasing memory bandwidth. Which means that by using systolic architechture we can speed up our system. For eg. When we are using our simple aechitecture than we can perform atmost five million operatoins per second whereas by using systolic arrays in systolic architecture we can operate the system at a speed of 30 million operations per second. WORKING:- Systolic architecture consists of simple cells arranged in some regular pattern (linear, bi-directional, triangular, hexagonal, etc.) where each cell usually performs one operation. Each processing cell is connected to its neighbour or to a neighbour hood of processing elements by short signal paths. Both parallel and pipelined execution is implemented. A function that is to be performed can be represented by a set of Functional Primitives. The systolic structure has advantages of regularity and modularity over implementations of the block-state-variable form, as it is regular and an nth order filter is simply formed by cascading second order filters. Therefore it is more suitable for the VLSI implementation. The idea is to exploit VLSI efficiently by laying out algorithms (and hence architectures) in 2-D (not all systolic machines are 2-D, but most are). The architectures thus produced are not general but tied to specific algorithms. This is good for computation-intensive tasks (e.g. signal processing). TOOLS FOR SYSTOLIC ARCHITECTURE:- SYSTOLIC ARRAY:- Incomputer architecture, asystolic arrayis a pipe network arrangement of processing units called cells. It is a specialized form ofparallel computing, where cells (i.e. processors), compute data and store it independently of each other. We need a high-performance, special-purpose computer system to meet specific application. I/O and computation imbalance is a notable problem. The concept of Systolic architecture can map high-level computation into hardware structures. Systolic system works like an automobile assembly line. Systolic system is easy to implement because of its regularity and easy to recon. Systolic architecture can result in cost-effective, high-performance special-purpose systems for a wide range of problem. Systolic Array Example: 33 Systolic Array Matrix Multiplication:- T=7 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTOLIC ARRAYS:-  · Description : It is a network of interconnected processing units. Only the processors at the border of the architecture can communicate outside. The task of one cell can be summarised as : receive-compute-transmit A systolic array is composed of matrix-like rows of data processing units called cells. Data processing unitsDPUsare similar tocentral processing units(CPU)s,(except for aprogram counter, since operation istransport-triggered, i.e., by the arrival of a data object). Each cell shares the information with its neighbors immediately after processing. The systolic array is often rectangular where data flows across the array between neighbour DPUs, often with different data flowing in different directions. The data streams entering and leaving the ports of the array are generated byauto-sequencing memoryunits, ASMs. Each ASM includes adata counter. Inembedded systemsa data stream may also be input from and/or output to an external source. An example of a systolicalgorithmmight be designed formatrix multiplication. Onematrixis fed in a row at a time from the top of the array and is passed down the array, the other matrix is fed in a column at a time from the left hand side of the array and passes from left to right. Dummy values are then passed in until each processor has seen one whole row and one whole column. At this point, the result of the multiplication is stored in the array and can now be output a row or a column at a time, flowing down or across the array. Systolic arrays are arrays of DPUs which are connected to a small number of nearest neighbour DPUs in a mesh-like topology. DPUs perform a sequence of operations on data that flows between them. Because the traditional systolic array synthesis methods have been practiced by algebraic algorithms, only uniform arrays with only linear pipes can be obtained, so that the architectures are the same in all DPUs. The consequence is that only applications with regular data dependencies can be implemented on classical systolic arrays. LikeSIMDmachines, clocked systolic arrays compute in lock-step with each processor undertaking alternate compute | communicate phases. But systolic arrays with asynchronous handshake between DPUs are calledwave front arrays. One well-known systolic array is CMUs I Warp processor, which has been manufactured by Intel. An I Warp system has a linear array processor connected by data buses going in both directions.  · Super Systolic Array : The super systolic array is a generalization of the systolic array. Because the classical synthesis methods (algebraic, i. e. projection-based synthesis), yielding only uniformDPUarrays permitting only linear pipes, systolic arrays could be used only to implement applications with regular data dependencies. By using simulated annealinginstead,Rainer Kresshas introduced the generalized systolic array: the super systolic array. Its application is not restricted to applications with regular data dependencies. Applications:- An application Example Polynomial Evaluation Horners rule for evaluating a polynomial is: y= ((((an*x+an− 1) *x+an− 2) *x+an− 3) *x+ +a1) *x+a0 A linear systolic array in which the processors are arranged in pairs: one multiplies its input byxand passes the result to the right, the next addsajand passes the result to the right. Advantages and Disadvantages:- ADVANTAGES Faster Scalable DISADVANTAGES Expensive Highly specialized for particular applications Difficult to build More about systolic architectures :- Systolic architectures are designed by using linear mapping techniques on regular dependence graphs (DG). Regular Dependence Graph : The presence of an edge in a certain direction at any node in the DG represents presence of an edge in the same direction at all nodes in the DG. DG corresponds to space representation no time instance is assigned to any computation t=0. †¢ Systolic architectures have a space-time representation where each node is mapped to a certain processing element(PE) and is scheduled at a particular time instance. Systolic design methodology maps an N-dimensional DG to a lower dimensional systolic architecture. Mapping of N-dimensional DG to (N-1) dimensional o systolic array is considered. CONCLUSION: A massively parallel processing with limited input output communication with host computer. Suitable for many interactive operations. Replace single processor with an array of regular processing elements Orchestrate data flow for high throughput with less memory access a. Different from pipelining Nonlinear array structure, multidirection data flow, each PE may have (small) local instruction and data memory Different from SIMD: each PE may do something different Initial motivation: VLSI enables inexpensive special-purpose chips Represent algorithms directly by chips connected in regular pattern BIBLIOGRAPHY:- * Text Book * http://www-old.oberon.ethz.ch/WirthPubl/AD.pdf * http://www.google.co.in/search?q=description+of+systolic+architecturehl=enrlz=1C1GGLS_enIN323IN323start=20sa=N  · http://www.cs.nctu.edu.tw/~ldvan/teaching/vlsidsp/VLSIDSP_CHAP7.pdf  · http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=enrlz=1C1GGLS_enIN323IN323q=%2Bworking+of+systolic+architectureei=lFzzSYDQO8zelQeRqaTDDAsa=Xoi=stemming_tipct=title  · http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/6808/  · www.wikipedia.org  · http://www.google.co.in/search?rlz=1C1GGLS_enIN323IN323sourceid=chromeie=UTF-8q=description+of+systolic+architecture

The Impact of Globalization on Poor Countries

The Impact of Globalization on Poor Countries Globalization refers to integration of regional societies, cultures and economies through reduction of state enforced limitations on exchanges between different countries thereby enhancing a global network of trade and communication. While globalization is driven by interaction of different, economies, technology, political factors and social cultures, the term is in most cases used to refer to economic globalization where different countries economies become integrated into an international economy through a globe spanning network of trade, migration, foreign trade investments, technology and capital flows. Globalization also involves transnational exchange of ideas, languages and acculturation (Amin, 2004). Globalization history can be traced from the Hellenistic age and the rise of cosmopolitan when commercialized urban centers of Greek culture like Athens, Antioch and Alexandria enhanced a widespread of trade and commercial links. Globalization continued with the colonization of Americans by Europeans which initiated the Columbian exchange enhancing a wide spread of crops, trade and human populations and migration. Globalization however got its modern form in 19th century shaped by imperialism when industrialization brought about economies of scale which made cheap production which was sustained by increased population demand. Its argued that the forces of globalization enhanced the world war (Barkema Drogendijk, 2007). Globalization as used by different economists and social scientists can be traced back in 1960s and has inspired diverse and numerous definitions and understanding. Globalization and internationalization are interchangeably used; the only distinction in the usage of the two terms is that internationalization is more focused on international relations, trade and treaties which are driven by labor and capital mobility. Globalization as used in economic context refers to reduction and elimination of barriers between different countries economies in away that flow of goods and services capital and labor is facilitated. Some of the things that slowdown globalization include countries political and capital policies which are inward looking and focused to protection of countries industries (Wood,1998).To enhance globalization microeconomics processes need to be focused on economic policies, political subjectivity, capital and other different dynamics and domains so as to denationalize what has been made national. Globalization is seen as a way of flattening the world into global system of trade, supply chain and outsourcing and this has greatly and permanently changed countries economies, political forces both in a good and a bad way. The rate of globalization is increasing and continues to have a rising impact on business practice and commercial organization, giving a neoliberal kind of international economic systems (Beall, 2004). Rapid expansion of transnational corporations in U.S and Europe has given rise to systematic trend of economies growth and die dynamics which are the main drives of the quickening globalization which has stand the counter tendency changes and forces that emanate from trade union actions and political activities. Globalization has become an irreversible phenomenon whose long history in market economic systems has given rise to transnational elites and political globalization which has phased out the traditional form of powerful-nation states, globalization has given rise to cultural and ideological homogenization worldwide coupled with significant inventions. Globalization has largely been driven by political planning which has seen a breakdown of trade borders and increasing interdependence of states through international commerce and trade and the establishment of international institutions to manage the globalization process. These institutions include the World Bank (formerly know n as bank for International Reconstruction and Development), World Trade Organization and International Monetary Fund. Advanced Technology has greatly reduced the trade and negotiation cost through agreed trade tariffs which have seen the possibility of free trade among different countries (Ostry, 1998). Some of the actions involved in the General Agreement on Trade Tariffs include elimination of trade tariffs creating free trade zones, lowering the transportation costs and enhancing containerization which has made Ocean hipping in different countries possible, introduction of harmonized trade subsidies globally which has attracted different corporations in the international market. Increased restrictions in the harmonized intellectual property laws have also seen a great breakthrough for free trade such that intellectual properties and patents are recognized across states. Trade treaties enhanced by the WTO like the Uruguay Round which has introduced a uniform trading platform, oth er multilateral and bilateral agreements on trade like North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have greatly reduced the trade tariffs and barriers and enhanced free trade and given a  Ã‚   rise in world exports and the total gross world product (Lazear, 1999). Advanced communication technology; mobile pone and other computer software technology spread among countries which have made communication cheap and possible among countries, and worldwide marketing has greatly driven cultural globalization with western American culture dominating most regions in expense of the traditional diversity. The contrasting trend led by movements in protest to globalization has not given any fruits in its defense for local individuality uniqueness and identity (Yeung, 2002). According to Rothstein (2005), various economic characteristics of globalization like capital, labor, technology and exports and imports, we can easily measure globalization if we take it as economic globalization. Exports and imports can be determined as a proportion gross national income while labor can be determined as net migration rates flow; weighted by population inward and outward flow. Inward and outward capital flow can be determined through investment as a proportion of per capital income while technology can be measured in terms of worldwide research as well as development flows and the rates of change noted through inventions that has given new products in telephone, motor vehicle and broadband industries (Knaude, 2001). However globalization is not economic phenomenon only and therefore requires a multivariate approach in taking its measurement. Swiss index has taken into consideration three key dimensions of globalization as political, economic and cultural effects taking some sub-indices like economic flows and restrictions, personal contact data, information flow and cultural proximity data which are available on annual basis. According to the Swiss index, Belgium is the most globalized country worldwide followed by Austria and Sweden while United Kingdom comes fourth followed by Netherlands (Agell, 1999). The Index has shown that Haiti is the least globalized countries followed by Myanmar and Burundi. Globalization has given forth to good and bad aspects which have affected countries in different ways. Movement of production materials and manufactured goods has given rise to emergence of worldwide markets and given consumers and firms a broader access to foreign products. The trade between China and Africa particularly has rise seven times fro the period between 2000 and 2007. Emergence of international financial markets has given customers worldwide access to external finance. This has however grown fast than the transnational regulatory regime and given rise to instability in the worldwide financial infrastructure as evidenced by the current financial crisis (Mishkin, 2009). Realization of a worldwide market where goods and capital are free exchange has a great economic realization while its interconnectedness would give great effects in case of one economy collapsing. For instance, every worldwide IT company has established its market in India, if Indias economy collapses this would have the adverse effects spread amongst many other economies (Buckley Ghauri, 2004). Globalization has greatly affected the health systems on a global scale where health has became a trade commodity especially in developing nations following the structural adjustment programs which have seen the health sector privatized and the health policy largely fragmented due to various private interests which have focused on partnerships as a way to fight the various problems instead of a comprehensive health strategy. Health policy has greatly been affected by the global trade and economy driven by the technological advancement which has given innovative medical care trade. At time the global priorities have run over the nation health care priorities making the health infrastructure more valuable to public the privatized form of health care which largely focuses on the wealthy (Dunning, 1998). Globalization has led to creation of governments with relaxed relationships and guaranteed social and economic rights. United State has over time taken a powerful position following its strong and wealthy economy. The republic of China has experienced rapid growth following globalization and with support from the United States. Economists have projected that if Chinas growth is maintained at that rate, this would bring a great change world wide in the next twenty years since it will mean power reallocation among world leaders with China being one of the wealthy and industrialized nations and this will rival the United States worldwide powerful position (Jones, 2008). Increased Informational flow between different geographical locations has brought technological change with the introduction of fibre optic communications and improved accessibility via telephone and Internet facility. Globalization has also increased competition due to worldwide market which has challenged different companies and industries to improve their products and skillfully use technology. Globalization has brought various ecological changes and environmental challenges due to cross boundary pollution of water and air and the overfishing of oceans as well as spread species which are invasive. This can be faced out through international cooperation, but its noted that most factories run their plants in developing nations where environmental regulations are lenient. As such globalization and free trade has largely increased pollution in these countries and deteriorated peoples standard of living. The world ecological capacity has proved insufficient to handle the ambitions of C hina, U.S, and Europe among other countries sustainably. Also globalization would bring about depletion of resources like zinc, terbium and indium, if U.S, China and India continue with the current consumption this would lead to conflict over diminishing natural-resources (Casson, 1996).   One classic cultural aspect of globalization is food consumption whereby people in China can be consuming American food while those in Africa can be consuming Italian meals. McDonalds is one of the American food companies with a global network of 31,000 locations worldwide and has had great cultural influence globally. In addition to international travel, migration and tourism internet has broken down cultural borders worldwide through enabling interaction and communication among people from different state, thus sharing different lifestyles and cultures even beyond the language barriers by use of photo sharing websites. Globalization has led to spread of multiculturalism where some come local cultures have been assimilated and others have been supplanted (Taylor, 2008). Globalization has however faced significant opposition internationally arguing that it has lowered the quality of life and increased the environmental degradation by reducing the competitiveness of some countries industries, and perhaps agriculture in nations that have not yet adapted to the changes brought by globalization (Daryl, 2009). The flow of information, products and people across countries has led to spread of deadliest diseases like HIV/Aids which still remain a top cause of death especially in Asia and Africa while the infectious disease actually began in America. Also, globalization played vital role in the recent bird flue which spread to different nations and killed several. Other diseases whose spread has been fueled by globalization include the chagas disease and tuberculosis (Bernstein Cashore, 2000). Globalization has created opportunities in developed and rich nations thereby driving talent from poor countries which has led to brain drains. This has cost Africa continent approximately $4.1 billion expatriate professionals yearly. Globalization negative economic liberalization effects are also manifested by the global financial crisis which has been as a result of interconnected states forming global economic system such as the crumple of subprime financial or mortgage market in U.S. The flow of products like televisions, textiles and others in the U.S have fueled expansion of Asian economies but has as well raised great criticism against Chinese textile products in Europe as well as in African countries (Levy-Livermore, 1999). For instance, the influx of Chinese textile goods in South Africa has led to loss of jobs by textile workers in that industry. Different studies show that, globalization has not fought Income disparity and food insecurity such that the three richest people worldwide owns more financial assets than what 10% of the poorest world population possess. For example, in sub-Saharan basin Africa communities continue to live in extreme poverty with studies indicating that almost half of children population in India is undernourished. Globalization opens door for a poor country to reach international market, and as such large corporations have taken advantage of such economies to facilitate export poverty such that they invest in these nations due to low wage rates and if the countries labor laws are changed in favor of employees the corporations close down and relocate to other countries with conservative economic policies (Zander Mathews, 2007). In conclusion, critics argue that globalization has led most poor countries suffer disadvantages since their exports are mainly agricultural products and they are unable to offer their producers subsidies which are enjoyed in the developed nations thereby lowering the prices for poor producers. Globalization also leads to exploitation of workers who are impoverished in these poor countries through cheap labor and weak labor unions (Taylor, 2008). Globalization is mediated depending of corporate interests which results to alternative institutional policies that address moral claims for both the poor and working population and environmental concerns in an equitable way. References Agell, J. (Feb, 1999). On the Benefits from Rigid Labour Markets: Norms, Market Failures, and Social Insurance .The Economic Journal. 109(453): 143-164. Amin, A. (Jun., 2004). Regulating Economic Globalization. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 29(2): 217-233 Barkema, H, G Drogendijk, R. (Dec., 2007). Internationalizing in Small, Incremental or Larger Steps? Journal of International Business Studies. 38(7): 1132-1148 Beall, J. (June 2004). Rethinking Globalization. Journal of Southern African Studies. 302(2):408-409 Bernstein, S Cashore, B.   (Mar., 2000). Globalization, Four Paths of Internationalization and Domestic Policy Change: The Case of EcoForestry in British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science 33(1):67-99 Buckley, P.J Ghauri, P N. (Mar, 2004). Globalization, Economic Geography and the Strategy of Multinational Enterprises. Journal of International Business Studies. 35(2):81-98 Casson, M. (1996).   An Economic Model of International Joint Venture Strategy. Journal of International Business Studies. 27(5): 849-876. Daryl, C. (2009). Transformational public diplomacy: Rethinking advocacy for the globalisationage. Place Branding Public Diplomacy. 5(2): 97-102. Dunning, J. H. (Sep., 1998). Governments, Globalization, and International Business. The Economic Journal. 108(450):1599-1601. Jones, A. (Jan 2008). The Rise of Global Work Transactions of the Institute of British   Geographers, New Series. 33(1): 12-26. Knaude, S. (Dec., 2001). Globalisation, Urban Progress, Urban Problems, Rural Disadvantages: Evidence from Mozambique. The Journal of Modern African Studies.39 (4):722-723 Lazear, E, P. (Mar., 1999). Globalization and the Market for Team-Mates The Economic Journal. 109(454):15-40 Levy-Livermore, A. (Jun., 1999). Reviewed work(s): Handbook on the Globalization of the World Economy. The Economic Journal .109(456):506-508. Mishkin, F, S. (Feb, 2009). Globalization, macroeconomic performance, and money policy. Journal of Money, Credit Banking (Blackwell).41(1):187-196. Ostry, S (Jan, 1998). Technology, Productivity and the Multinational Enterprise. Journal of International Business Studies. 29(1): 85-99 Rothstein, J.S. ((Sep., 2005). Economic Development Policymaking down the Global Commodity Chain: Attracting an Auto Industry to Silao, Mexico.   Journal of Social Forces. 84(1): 49-69. Taylor, P. J.   (Jan, 2008). City-States and Globalization: A Reply to Sidaway. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 33(1):152-153 Wood, A. (Sep., 1998). Globalization and the Rise in Labour Market Inequalities Economic Journal, 108(450): 1463-1482. Yeung, H. W. (Jul., 2002). The Limits to Globalization Theory: A Geographic Perspective on Global Economic Change  Ã‚   Economic Geography. 78 (3): 285-305   Zander, I Mathews, J.A. (May, 2007). The International Entrepreneurial Dynamics of Accelerated Internationalization.   Journal of International Business Studies. 38(3):387-403

Power and the Group: Meaning and Contex t in The Lottery Essay

Power and the Group: Meaning and Context in The Lottery There is power in any group consensus. As long as the group thinks as a group they gain authority and power over single voice. The group deflects the problems of the individual by diffusing responsibility thoughout its members. Diffusion of responsibility allows the group to think as an entity. Over time, the entity develops a set of mores. Mores within the group are very strong. The group takes on characteristics and functions as if it were possessed of individuals, but because its responsibility is to remain all knowing, all-powerful and obs equious. Claiming responsibility would in effect threaten the entity, so instead the entity threatens the individual that says I am responsibly for myself. Groups cry out, â€Å"it isn’t fair† while the individual cries out â€Å"it isn’t right† so it was for Tessie Hutchinson. Shirley Jackson’s essay, â€Å"The Lottery† is a tale wherein an appointed official conducts a yearly lottery, presumably to ensure good crops and health throughout the village. The head of each family draws a ticket from a lottery box. One family draws the marked ticket. The individual members within the family then draw again, determining the winner. At first it seems surprising that when stripped to i ts essential elements that the story holds the attention of the reader, but because the audience identifies with the details of the town, the villager, even the drawing of lottery tickets, we, like the group process itself, become part of the fiber of the story. The audience takes in stride that Jackson clues us in on a sinister undercurrent by the gather ing of boys who â€Å"made great pile of stones in one corner of the square and gua... ...remains in effect, he can deflect responsibility for poor crops and ill health onto the mystery of an outdated belief system. The reader may think that we are above such beliefs, but consider the tobacco industry’s self-serving lies and how many lives have ben doomed by them. Then ask yourself, how many parents and children sit in courtrooms or mental institutions thinking, â€Å"it isn’t fair, it isn’t right†? Works Cited: Jackson, shirley. â€Å"The Lottey.† The Norton Anthology of Literature By Women. . Ed. Sandra M. Giubar New York: Norton, 1985. 1872-1880. Nebeker, Helen. â€Å"The Lottery†: Symoblic Tour de Force†. American Literatur. Vol. 46. No. 1. [March, 1974] 100-107. Oehschlaeger, Fritz. â€Å"The Stoning of Mistress Hutchinson: Meaning and Context in â€Å"The Lottery†. Essays in Literature. Vol. XV. No. 2 [Fall 1998] 259-265.

Propaganda, Stereotypes, and the War on Drugs Essay -- Media Stereotyp

Propaganda, Stereotypes, and the War on Drugs The West has constantly been fighting the use of illegal drugs for decades by Propaganda. Propaganda ‘is a form of manipulative communication designed to elicit some predetermined response’ (Inge, 1981, 322). Governments have been using many propagandistic methods to reduce the consumption of illegal drugs such as marginalization or creating stereotypes. By creating a certain stereotype for the drug users and dealers, governments believe that people would try to avoid drugs so they won’t fit the stereotype. Extensive researche has been performed on this issue and there was no support that this propaganda tactic made a significant difference in the use of illegal drugs. To understand the reason behind the anti-drug movement and the development of stereotypes, one should know the history of the prohibition of certain drugs. One of the first drugs that were prohibited was Opium. This was due to the large amount of Chinese immigrants which consumed opium. â€Å"Powerful labor unions such as the American Federation of labor feared competition from Chinese laborers who were quite hard working and generally willing to work for lower wages. Labor Leaders vilified the Chinese as opium-crazed fiends who preyed sexually upon young white girls† (Preston, 2001). Since then individuals who consume opiates carried the stereotype of being rapists and evil-doers. In the early twentieth century, minority groups such as African-Americans and Mexican-Americans consumed marijuana. One of the main reasons marijuana was prohibited was to ‘drive Mexican-Americans out of the United States and â€Å"back† to Mexico’ (Blum, 1997).To create prejudice against Mexican-Americans, a stereotype was formed which... ...ertysoft.com/liberty/reviews/60bradford.html>, consulted on March 30th, 2004. FITZPATRICK, Michael (2001). â€Å"The Lessons of the Drugs War†, Spiked,. Online at: , consulted on March 30th, 2004. INCIARDI, James A. (1992). The War on Drugs II: The Continuing Epic of Heroin, Cocaine, Crack, Crime, Aids, and Public Policy. Toronto: Mayfield Publishing Company. INGE, M. Thomas (1981). A Handbook of American Popular Culture, Vol.3. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. MacCOUN, Robert J. and Reuter, Peter (2001). Drug War Heresies. Cambridge University Press. PRESTON, Keith (2001). â€Å"The Political Economy of the War on Drugs†, Free Republic,. Online at: , March 30th, 2004. SOLOMON, David (1968). The Marihuana Papers, 4th Ed. The New American Library, Inc.

Nationalism :: European Europe History

Nationalism One person or a group of people can take on a major role of the unification process that brings upon nationalism for their country. To get a better understanding of what nationalism is, one must learn the meaning of "nationalism." Nationalism is the devotion to the interests or culture of a particular nation. Nationalism is a striving force that can help a country thrive. There are also different ways that a country can achieve nationalism. Two different people/organizations with two different tactics were able to achieve a feel of nationalism among their country. The first group that will be discussed is the IRA, or the Irish Republican Army. Mohandas Gandhi started the second movement of nationalism, with his belief of "passive resistance." These two thoughts were opposite in how nationalism was attempted to be achieved. The Irish Republican Army (IRA), was started on Easter in 1916, when a group of Irish militants refused to wait any longer for their independence from Britain. The small group launched a revolt against British rule. Although the Easter Rising was quickly suppressed, the execution of 15 rebel leaders stirred wider support for their cause. When Britain again failed to grant home rule in 1919, civil war erupted in Ireland. Members of the IRA carried on a guerrilla war against British forces and their supporters. Civilians were often caught in the crossfire. The constant battle for Irish independence continues today with its gory display of violence. The IRA's goal was and still is today to achieve Irish nationalism by the abolition of the British political influence in Ireland, especially Northern Ireland. Mohandas Gandhi came from a middle-class Hindu family. At the age of 19 he was sent to England to study law. After returning to India, he tried to set up his own law practice but soon joined an Indian law firm in South Africa. For 20 years, Gandhi fought laws that discriminated against Indians in South Africa. In his struggle against injustice, he adopted the weapon of nonviolent (passive) resistance. He called it satyagraha, or "soul-force." In 1914, Gandhi returned to India and joined the Congress Party. His ideas inspired Indians of all religious and ethnic backgrounds and he encouraged them to resist British rule. Above all, Gandhi preached the ancient tradition of ahimsa, nonviolence and reverence for all life. He applied this idea to fight the British rule. By using the power of love, he believed, people could convert even the worst wrongdoer to the right course of action.

Ray Ban

Introduction †¢Ray-Ban is an Italian owned brand of sunglasses founded in 1937 by Bausch & Lomb. They were introduced for the United States Army Air Corps. Ray-Ban has popularized the aviator sunglassess and now creates sunglasses to suit everybody. †¢In 2007, Ray-Ban re-introduced the original Ray-Ban Wayfarer design, but expanded the colour options beyond the traditional palette to include patterns like checks and camouflage and colours like navy, white, turquoise, red, and blue. You can see people staring at you with Ray Ban sunglasses when you opened up your fashion magazine. †¢There’s not a generation alive that can't remember owning (or wanting to own) a pair of these iconic sunglasses. o Presidents o movie stars o rock stars o artists o fashion designers o runway models Tribe Profile †¢We found from our questionnaires that Hipsters are quite fashionable people who want to make a statement about themselves with their unique style. We also found that t he majority of Hipsters ages range from 16-28.Therefore we aim to create a modern style of glasses that this age group will find attractive †¢Hipsters can live in various households and generally we found that marital and family status had little effect on their reason if they were to buy the product. Hipster mostly composed of young generation teens who are still studying so their income is greatly limited. Furthermore they mostly live with their parents and we realize that we have to make it affordable for this market as this is the baulk of the hipster market. We also realize that their families are mainly middle class from urban areas. Furthermore the research reveals that macro environmental forces. In particular Demography, Culture, Geography, Economic and Natural environment factors will have a significant impact on the Hipster behaviour. Objectives oTo gain more new customers a month as well taking market share from competitors to increase customer base omaintain our cu rrent customers ogain new customers to increase the number of sales by 20% a month oobtain a higher profit by introducing these sunglasses into the marketplace oincrease brand reputation worldwide The target audience is fully informed about features and benefits of our products oto be fashion pioneers in the industry Product†¢Shades is a new product, that allows users to change their shade colour on the fly using an eletronic switch located on their sunglassess. Customers have the ability to customise their selection of colours when purchasing their new pair. †¢Users cycle through their selected lens colour by pressing a button. The variable lens colour gives more versatility to the user. Demography †¢Age: in between 16-28. Size: Bigger size of young population will result in more sales. †¢Density: Denser population will help in cost cutting as fewer stores will be covering large population which will reduce the fixed costs. †¢Occupation: Anyone with white c ollar job is less likely to be hipster similarly hipsters working long hours and demanding job are less likely to go out or spend more time in dressing up.On the other hand if it’s a student or someone from fashion industry is most likely to go out and spend more time on their looks. †¢Culture: can affect clothing design and style for e. . some culture has their own different printing of native animals, plants and landmarks such as Aborigines similarly in some culture skin show is not appropriate. †¢Geography: Climate can affect clothing style and colours but not as many on glasses. e. g. in hot weather loose clothing and light colours products and in colder areas warm bright colours. †¢Economic environment: Economic condition would have minor effect as glasses are not bought on regular bases. †¢Natural Environment: Our product is recyclable and made of 80% recycled material.Launch Strategy 4ps Product: The new product offers changeable lens colours on the fly. Ray ban consists of wayfarer, aviator, clubmaster, cockpit, caravan, rare prints, Jackie ohh, warrior; daddy o. Ray ban offers several models and dozens of optional features. The glasses come with a comprehensive warranty that is the best part of ray ban glasses. †¢ Promotion: Ray ban spends million each years on advertising in Australia to tell about the company and its many products. Ray ban embedded in both on and offline campaigns , through media channels ,television, magazines, billboards ,online advertisements thought tv celebrities.Ray ban also promoted through discount sales and promo items. †¢ Price: Ray ban understood the need of people very well and diversified it price according to customers’ suitability. Ray ban also have expensive limited edition for those who want for brag. The price for normal Ray ban glasses is between 100 to 200 dollars. Being the leader Ray ban remain their price unchanged. †¢ Place: Ray ban understood the important of diversifying its products which explains its implementation on eyewear market. New innovations and better services, better communication will allow Ray ban to maintain its position in market.SWOT analysis †¢Strengths oLong standing and well established brand. oHigh quality and durable oProvide numerous styles and many color options oMany of the sunglasses are gender neutral oAppeals to many generations oPromise 100% anti reflective lenses, which protect eyes against harmful rays. †¢Weaknesses oCostly products oExclusivity of distribution channels Opportunities oRaise awareness about the important of protective lenses. oChance fro brand extension and expansion. oEmphasize Ray ban as a brand that values individuality and self-expression. To create valuable partnerships with other brands with similar messages and larger audience.†¢Threats oIn hard economic times peoples buy designer products. oMany stores sell cheaper versions of Ray ban. oMay seen as a trend that will d ie out. oConsumer brand loyalty to other sunglasses Competitors †¢ Oakley sunglasses focus on protecting the users' eyes from the sun, they accomplish this through use plutonite, which is a type of patented material, in their lenses to filter out any possible contact that UVA, UVB, UVC and harmful blue light may have with your eyes. ANSI impact tests are safety measures that glasses go through to see how well they are made and will perform. The ANSI impact tests are regarded as the gold standard safety test and Oakley sunglasses exceed the standards set by these tests. †¢ Oakley's High Definition Optics are known for exceeding these standard while using 3D technology to do so. †¢ The lenses seen in Ray-Ban eyewear products are often overshadowed by those seen in Oakley products. These higher quality and standards are often reflected in the expensive price of Oakley glasses.The Prada eyewear collection comes in different designs, styles, and colours. Offers metal frame s that are specially, made from a special metal alloy that is fade-resistant, and lightweight and convenient to use. ($350-$500) †¢ Offer plastic or nylon frames, which offer safe and lightweight protection for the eyes. Most nylon-framed sunglasses by Prada carry the distinctive Prada logo on the side of the frame. ($200-$400) †¢ Offers the Prada Sport eyewear collection, which is, targeted and specially designed for sports enthusiasts and individuals. The Prada Sport eyewear collection, also, comes in, metal and nylon frames. Prada has quality and style with correction eyeglasses.